Opened on this date, November 21, in 1964: the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge

[mahatmakanejeeves]

Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge



Coordinates: 40.607°N 74.043°W

Other name(s): Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

Characteristics
Total length: 13,700 ft (4,176 m)
Width: 103 ft (31 m)
Height: 649.68 ft (198 m)
Longest span: 4,260 ft (1,298 m)
Clearance above: 15 ft (4.57 m) (upper level)
14.4 ft (4.39 m) (lower level)
Clearance below: 228 ft (69.5 m) at mean high water

History
Designer: Othmar Ammann
Construction start: August 13, 1959; 60 years ago
Opened: November 21, 1964; 55 years ago (upper level)
June 28, 1969; 50 years ago (lower level)

Statistics
Daily traffic: 202,523 (2016)
Toll: As of March 31, 2019:
$12.24 (New York E-ZPass users outside Staten Island)
$5.50 (Staten Island residents E-ZPass)
$19.00 (Tolls By Mail and non-New York E-ZPass)
$3.40 (Staten Island resident carpool HOV E-ZPass)

The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (/vərɑːˈzɑːnoʊ/ ver-uh-ZAH-no), also referred to as the Verrazzano Bridge and formerly the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and Narrows Bridge, is a suspension bridge connecting the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn. It spans the Narrows, a body of water linking the relatively enclosed Upper New York Bay with Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the only fixed crossing of the Narrows. The double-deck bridge carries 13 lanes of Interstate 278, with seven lanes on the upper level and six on the lower level. The span is named for Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first documented European explorer to enter New York Harbor and the Hudson River in 1524.

Engineer David B. Steinman proposed a bridge across the Narrows in the late 1920s, and subsequent proposals were deferred over the next 20 years. A 1920s attempt was aborted to build a rail tunnel across the Narrows, as was another 1930s plan for vehicular tubes underneath the Narrows. Discussion of a tunnel resurfaced in the mid-1930s and early 1940s, but the plans were again denied. In the late 1940s, urban planner Robert Moses championed a bridge across the Narrows as a way to connect Staten Island with the rest of the city. Various issues delayed the start of construction until 1959. The bridge opened on November 21, 1964, and a lower deck was opened in June 1969 to alleviate high levels of traffic. The New York City government began a $1.5 billion reconstruction of the bridge's two decks in 2014.

The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge has a central span of 4,260 feet (1.30 km; 0.81 mi). It was the longest suspension bridge in the world until it was surpassed by the Humber Bridge in the United Kingdom in 1981. The bridge has the 14th-longest main span in the world, as well as the longest in America. Its name was originally spelled "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge" with only one "z" when it was officially named in 1960 due to a naming error in the original construction contract, despite the explorer's name having two "z"s. The name was officially corrected to "Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge" in October 2018.
....

Opening and early years



Verrazano-Narrows Bridge commemorative stamp, first sold on November 21, 1964, in conjunction with the bridge's opening

The Staten Island approach to the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was the first part of the new project to be completed, and it opened in January 1964. The upper deck was opened on November 21, 1964, at a cost of $320 million in 1964. Politicians at all levels of the government, from Brooklyn Borough President Abe Stark to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, wrote speeches paying tribute to the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The opening ceremony was attended by over 5,000 people, including 1,500 official guests. Several dignitaries, involving the mayor, the governor, and the borough presidents of Brooklyn and Staten Island, cut the gold ribbon. They then joined a motorcade to mark the official opening of the bridge. A 50-cent toll was charged to all motorists crossing the bridge. The Verrazano Bridge's opening was celebrated across Staten Island. Moses did not invite any of the 12,000 workers to the opening, so they boycotted the event and instead attended a mass in memory of the three workers who died during construction.

The opening was accompanied by the release of a commemorative postage stamp, which depicted a ship sailing underneath the new span. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) created a bus route across the bridge to connect Victory Boulevard in Staten Island with the Bay Ridge–95th Street subway station in Brooklyn. This bus service initially saw low patronage, with only 6,000 daily passengers using the route. Five days after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge opened, the ferry from Staten Island to Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, stopped running, as it was now redundant to the new bridge.

Within the first two months of the bridge's opening, 1.86 million vehicles had used the new crossing, 10% more than originally projected, and this netted the TBTA almost $1 million in toll revenue. The Goethals Bridge, which connected New Jersey to the Staten Island Expressway and the Verrazano Bridge, saw its daily average use increase by 75%, or approximately 300,000 trips total, compared to before the Narrows Bridge opened. The Holland Tunnel from New Jersey to Manhattan, and the Staten Island Ferry from Staten Island to Manhattan, both saw decreased vehicle counts after the bridge opened. In summer 1965, Staten Island saw increased patronage at its beaches, facilitated by the opening of the new bridge. By the time of the bridge's first anniversary, 17 million motorists had crossed the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, paying $9 million in tolls.[129] The bridge had seen 34% more trips than planners had projected. Conversely, 5.5 million fewer passengers and 700,000 fewer vehicles rode the Staten Island Ferry to Manhattan.

The Verrazano Bridge was the last project designed by Ammann, who had designed many of the other major crossings into and within New York City. He died in 1965, the year after the bridge opened. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was also the last great public works project in New York City overseen by Moses. The urban planner envisioned that the Verrazano and Throgs Neck Bridges would be the final major bridges in New York City for the time being, since they would complete the city's expressway system.

Previously at DU:

May 25, 2019: Hey DU, let's talk about bridges! What's your favorite bridge? Why?

[PJMcK]

2. It's a very beautiful and powerful bridge!

The Verrazano Bridge is magnificent to behold. I've driven across it countless times but the real beauty was seen the half dozen times I sailed underneath it. You can see its brilliant engineering and elegant grace. And it's immense size.

Othmar Amman who designed the bridge also designed other important New York bridges including the George Washington Bridge, the Bayonne Bridge, The Triborough Bridge (now known as the RFK Bridge), the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge as well as the Walt Whitman Bridge between Philadelphia and New Jersey.

A measure of Dr. Amman's engineering brilliance is illustrated in the two towers of the Verrazano. The span is so long that the tops of the towers are 7/8ths of an inch further apart than at the base. This is to account for the curvature of the Earth!

His plans for the GWB originally included stone cladding on the entire structure. This idea was abandoned due to excess weight and costs. Years later, Dr. Amman sheepishly agreed that the GWB looks better with out the stone.

I hadn't realized how young the VZ is. Thanks for posting this, mahatmakanejeeves!

ETA: The link at the bottom of the OP seems to be incorrect.

[mahatmakanejeeves]

3. Indeed, that link was incorrect. Thanks. I've corrected it now. NT