Phys.Org - Northern Peatlands May Hold Twice As Much Carbon As Previously Thought
Northern peatlands may hold twice as much carbon as scientists previously suspected, according to a study published today in Nature Geoscience. The findings suggest that these boggy areas play a more important role in climate change and the carbon cycle than they're typically given credit for. Peatlands are damp, mossy landscapes built on layers of partially decayed plants. Because the plant matter doesn't fully break down, peat can end up storing large amounts of carbon for thousands of years—much longer than a typical forest. Yet global climate models, which scientists use to predict climate change and its impacts, rarely account for the carbon that peat and other soils absorb, store and release.
"The carbon that's underground is the least well understood pool of carbon," said lead author Jonathan Nichols, an associate research professor at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. "It's a huge question mark in a lot of global climate models." Refining those measurements could make climate models—and thus climate predictions—more accurate. That is what Nichols and his coauthor Dorothy Peteet, a paleoclimatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and adjunct at Lamont-Doherty, set out to do.
Their new study incorporates 4,139 radiocarbon measurements from 645 peatland sites in northern Europe, Asia, and North America. But the main innovation is in how the researchers calculated the carbon storage in peatlands. "Before, it was just assumed that all peatlands have accumulated carbon at the same rate at the same time throughout the last few thousand years, which is a terrible assumption," said Nichols. "The carbon accumulation rate can be wildly different from one place to another during the same point in time. Our own previous work has shown this, as well as the work of many others."
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By assuming peatlands in different parts of the world accumulate peat at different rates, and by weighing those rates by the size of the region, the new algorithm allowed the researchers to calculate that northern peatlands hold 1.1 trillion tons of carbon. That's a colossal amount of carbon—more than humans have so far dumped to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels—and quite a jump from the previous estimate of roughly 545 billion tons. Nichols and Peteet found that after the last glacial period, when the peatlands were absorbing this huge amount of carbon, the level of carbon in the atmosphere remained stable. How could that be, if the peatland plants were pulling carbon out of the air during photosynthesis and then never releasing it? The researchers suspect the ocean released more carbon during that time, which compensated for the carbon removed by the growing peatlands.
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https://phys.org/news/2019-10-northern-peatlands-carbon-previously-thought.html