New Psychoactive Substances in Wastewater from Rest Areas and Commercial Weigh Stations along Interstate Highways

[NNadir]

From the land of Mitch McConnell, who brought down the United States by manipulating Supreme Court nominations to put criminally corrupt politicized freaks on said court:

New Psychoactive Substances in Wastewater from Rest Areas and Commercial Weigh Stations along Interstate Highways Bikram Subedi, Durga Prasad Kodati, Abhya Niegocki, Anna O’Shea Stites, and Chris Delcher Environmental Science & Technology 2025 59 (45), 24302-24309

New psychoactive substances (NPSs), synthetic designer compounds that mimic the effects of traditional controlled drugs, represent an emerging and ongoing threat to public health and safety worldwide. (1) A total of 1,349 NPSs have been globally identified including a wide range of chemical formulations with varying potencies, with synthetic cathinones accounting for 25%, followed by synthetic cannabinoids (21%) and opioids (18%). (2) In forensic toxicological or law enforcement-seized samples, the European Union reported approximately 30,000 NPS-involved cases in 2021, while the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) reported 13,367 cases in 2022. (3,4) In Kentucky, the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) reported 1,171 identifications of NPS in 2022, which is 8.8% of the national total NPS identifications. (5) However, conventional surveillance from biological samples or administrative records─such as those collected during emergency department visits, autopsies from coroner’s offices, and seized samples by law enforcement─offers limited information on the true prevalence of NPSs, with limited temporal and geospatial resolution. Despite suffering from a limited scope and population biases, primarily due to the criminalization and stigmatization of drug use, community-based drug-checking programs have recently emerged as an expedient strategy to monitor shifts in the local drug supply and provide evidence-based information to enable informed decision-making and the implementation of effective interventions. (6,7)

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) provides a comprehensive, noninvasive, and near-real-time trend in NPS use in defined communities based on the quantified level of NPS or their biomarkers in raw wastewater. (8) Several synthetic cathinones including methcathinone, eutylone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), α-PVP, and 3- or 4-methylmethcathinone (3- or 4-MMC) were quantified in WBE studies covering 60% of the Australian population. (9,10) 20 European cities, (11) China, (12) and Korea. (13) However, very few studies reported synthetic cannabinoids, fentanyl, and/or fentanyl analogs in wastewater. Four synthetic cannabinoids including ADB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA were detected in wastewater from 31 major cities across China. (14) Our report of NPS including synthetic opioids (carfentanil and furanyl fentanyl), synthetic cannabinoids (MAB-CHMINACA), synthetic cathinones, and meta-chlorophenyl piperazine (mCPP) in rural communities in Southern Illinois is the only WBE study on these drugs in the U.S. (8)

Many NPS including methylone, mephedrone, α-PVP, methcathinone, methoxy fentanyl, buphedrone, pentedrone, flephedrone, butylone, eutylone, and MDPV were detected but not quantified in several quantitative or qualitative suspect screening studies in China, U.S., Australia, and Europe. (8,12,15−20) Carfentanil, with a single lethal dose of less than 1 μg, is over 100-fold more potent than fentanyl (0.1–0.2 mg per dose) and 10,000-fold more potent than morphine (10–30 mg). (21,22) Similarly, the per-capita water flow (domestic, industrial, and even stormwater in some cases) to municipal sewer systems is significantly higher (564 ± 388 L/day/people) (23−25) than at seven facilities along interstate highways over our 12-month study period (16.3 ± 11.9 L/day/people) (Table S1). Therefore, wastewater surveillance at relatively less diluted sites, such as rest areas, can potentially help detect and quantify more NPS, and it can serve as a regional early warning system for NPS.

This study addresses a research gap by quantifying NPSs in wastewater samples collected from rest areas and commercial weigh stations along interstate highways in Kentucky and represents the first study reporting NPS among general and commercial highway commuters. Target NPSs were selected based on recent identifications on forensic reports and global-scale WBE studies that include two synthetic opioids [p-fluorofentanyl (pFF) and metonitazene], two synthetic cannabinoids [ADB-BUTINACA and MAB-CHMINACA], a phenylpiperazine (mCPP), an indole-based alkaloid (mitragynine), and ten synthetic cathinones [ethylone, butylone, N-ethylhexylone, N-ethylhexedrone, α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone, α-piperidinobutiophenone, 4-MMC, 4-chloro-α-PVP, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and 2-methyl-4-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (MMMP)] (Figure S1)...

Wow. I must be getting old. I had no idea that so many synthetic psychoactive compounds existed.

Of course, under the current government, one often feels that one must be hallucinating. One would actually hope so, thinking the reign of the orange pedophile is just a "bad trip."