Player Piano, author Kurt Vonnegut's first novel, was published in 1952. The dystopian story takes place in a near-future society that is almost totally mechanized and automated, eliminating the need for human laborers. This widespread mechanization creates conflict between the wealthy upper class—the engineers and managers who keep society running—and the lower class, whose skills and purpose in society have been replaced by machines.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_PianoThe lower class had two choices: they could join the Army, or the Reconstruction and Reclamation Corps (the “Reeks and Wrecks”). The R&R repaired roads.
A lot like now, except that a lot of engineering jobs are outsourced, and nowadays we have immigrants working on the roads.