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Economic indicators
Recognizing the importance of knowing about future economic conditions, the US government has published since 1938 a list of measures and indexed that are indicative of what has happened, what is happening and what is about to happen. These are the lagging, coincidental and leading indicators which were mentioned in Chapter 1 Section D-3 . The leading indicators are those that precede the cycle; they usually peak before the entire economy, and reach their trough likewise; they are therefore used to anticipate the timing of the turning point (and thus, are often considered as the important ones). Coincidental indicators are indicative of what is taking place in the economy right now. Lagging indicators are those that come after the turning point; they are used to confirm that a phase of the business cycle has indeed been completed. Table T-15.2 shows the series included in each group.
Table T-15.2
Composition of leading, coincidental and lagging indicators:
Leading Indicators
Net business formation index
Building permits index
Common stock prices index
Percent lay-offs in manufacturing
Percent change in sensitive prices
Percent change in total liquid assets
Percent vendor companies reporting slower deliveries
Average workweek in manufacturing
Net change in inventories
Plant and equipment contracts and orders
New orders for manufacturing consumer goods and materials
Money supply
Coincidental indicators
Industrial production index
Employee payroll (non-agricultural)
Personal income less transfer payments
Sales manufacturing and trade
Lagging indicators
Labor cost index
Ratio of consumer installment debt to personal income
Average prime rate charged by banks
Average unemployment duration
Inventories manufacturing and trade
Commercial and industrial loans outstanding
Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business
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