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“We consider evidence for and against the hypotheses that political conservatism is significantly associated with (1) mental rigidity and closed-mindedness, including (a) increased dogmatism and intolerance of ambiguity, (b) decreased cognitive complexity, (c) decreased openness to experience, (d) uncertainty avoidance, (e) personal needs for order and structure, and (f) need for cognitive closure; (2) lowered self-esteem; (3) fear, anger, and aggression; (4) pessimism, disgust, and contempt; (5) loss prevention; (6) fear of death; (7) threat arising from social and economic deprivation; and (8) threat to the stability of the social system. We have argued that these motives are in fact related to one another psychologically, and our motivated social–cognitive perspective helps to integrate them. We now offer an integrative, meta-analytic review of research on epistemic, existential, and ideological bases of conservatism” (352).
Psychological needs of conservatives (368) : As evident in Republican ideology “Resistance to change” : reactionary conservatism “Endorsement of inequality” : discrimination against minorities, justification of poverty, etc. “Dogmatism, intolerance of ambiguity” : close-mindedness, “moral clarity” “Uncertainty avoidance” : simplistic “black and white” perception, hostility to the arts “Need for order, structure, closure” : anti-union, loathing of antisocial hippies “Self-esteem” : less stable in conservatives “Loss prevention” : death anxiety, “chickenhawk” syndrome “Terror management” : hysterical anti-communism, The War on “Terrorism” “Rationalization of self-interest” : “Greed is good,” Trickle-Down economic theory “Group-based dominance” : Jim Crow segregation, country club plutocrats “System justification” : low-status conservatives such as the working class
In summary, “Our review of the evidence indicates that there is consistent and relatively strong support for the general hypothesis that a specific set of social–cognitive motives are significantly related to political conservatism. Almost all of our specific hypotheses were corroborated … by reviewing the results from many different studies aggregated across various behavioral domains and contexts, we found that a moderate to strong relationship does exist between an interrelated set of epistemic, existential, and ideological motives and the expression of political conservatism” (366).
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