That is the question and it is a difficult one when it comes to Civil Rights. It is the balance between two rights, the first is the right to be left to do as one wants, the other is to be treated equally by others. While many people do not see the conflict between these two Civil Rights, the conflict is clearly seen in the case where the Law requires someone to do things he or she does NOT want to do (i.e. a violation of the right to do what one want to do) when the reason for the requirement is to give equally treatment to all others.
Now some aspects of this conflict in law are easy, for example under the common law an "Inn" (Which Includes Inns, Restaurants, Hotels, Motels and other such Establishments open to the General Public) had to take in anyone who could pay the fee. The same with Common Carriers (i.e. Stagecoaches, Trains, Buses, Planes are examples of "Common Carriers") who had to provide rides to anyone who could pay the fee. Under Segregation the states passed laws permitting innkeepers from serving people they did not want to serve (i.e. exclude Blacks) and segregating Common Carriers by race. When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed its primary intention was to reverse and outlaw these exceptions to the common law rule. In both situations most people have no objections to the requirement that people be treated equally.
On the other hand in addition to opening up Inns and Common Carriers to everyone, the Civil Rights Act also outlawed employment and housing discrimination. Historically employers had the right to hire and fire anyone they wanted to hire and fire (and people had the right to sell or rent their homes to whoever they wanted and refuse to sell their homes or rent their homes to people they did NOT want to). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed both practices, but unlike the case of Inns and Common Carriers, employment and housing had NEVER been open to anyone who applied. Historically employers could discriminate (Unlike Inns and common carriers).
Now with large employers the employment section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was NOT a problem, for such large employers viewed hiring the same as buying material (Through it was a fight throughout the 1960s to get some large businesses to accept non-discrimination among their employees).
While large companies were a major problem the real big problem on employment discrimination were the smaller companies were the employer worked with his or her employees and any conflict between the employee and employer was to be worked out directly by the employer not the employer's human relations office. While you hear of cases involving Inns and common carriers every so often, these are rare, the more common discrimination is in employment (With housing a close second, often for the same reasons).
This is further complicated by the need for "professionals" (Doctors, lawyers etc) to be able to work with and for their clients/patients. A lot of Small Business are providers of such professional services (as is the case involved in this lawsuit). The court have long permitted such dissemination when in comes to such one to one relationships, the big issue is when does the right to select who ones work with and for and when does the LAW require one to work with someone one does NOT want to work with or for? The courts do not want to force someone to have to work with someone who the employer has a problem working with at the same time the Court want people to be able to access such professionals. It is a difficult balancing act.
Should I be permitted to discriminate when I do not think I can work with a client? If the answer is yes, what if the reason is because the person is in a protected class and the reason I can not work with him or her is that he or she is a member of the protected class? Should the law require me to work with that person anyway? What If I do not think I can do the best job I can given the situation? Does that give me a duty NOT to work with the worker (i.e. I could NOT do my best because the worker is a member of the protected class)? In fact am I NOT doing the worker harm by working with or for him when I know I can NOT do a good job? It is for this reason most small employers are generally exempt from Employment discrimination laws, but I believe California does NOT have a limit a to the number of Employees one must have to come under its anti0discrimination act (Unlike the Federal Government who excludes employers of 15 or less employees from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act o 1964 and employers of 20 or less employees from Age discrimination Act).
In this case the Doctors are saying they right to religious belief would be infringed if required to provide services to the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff is her right to live her life an she wants to will be infringed if the Doctors do not provide the services offered by the doctor. From my reading of California law the rights appear to be equal and why the Court of Appeals sent this case back down to the Trial Court for a Trial (A complicating factor is the Doctors did provide services for over ten months before they said they will NOT do the procedure, so you have a Contract issue in addition to the Discrimination issue. The Contract issue is that the Doctors Breeched their Contract with the Plaintiff when they backed out of providing the services contracted for).
My gut feeling of this case is the Court will have a hard time forcing Doctors (or other professionals) from taking patients/Clients that Doctor (or other professionals) do NOT want to take. On the other hand the Doctors did provide treatment for ten months, thus I also see the Court Ruling the Doctors Breeched their contract with the Plaintiff. That gets to the problem of damages and the Plaintiff had gone to another clinic and had a child through the other clinic (Under Contract law a non-breeching party has a duty to minimize her loss, so even if she had NOT gone to the other clinic the court will reduce any damages as if she had gone to the clinic). Thus the issue is what finance harm did the Doctor cause the Plaintiff? Speculative Damages is the same as no damages, thus unless she can provide evidence of financial harm I see her willing a whole Dollar on the Breech of Contract action and losing on the Discrimination action.
Federal EEOC Website:
http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeo/overview_coverage.htmlCalifornia handbook on Discrimination:
http://caag.state.ca.us/publications/civilrights/01CRhandbook/index.htm