The Shadow of Bolivar
http://www.chavezthefilm.com/html/backgrd/bolivar.htm One of the most interesting aspects of Chavez and his political movement
has been the central role given over to the man known as The Liberator
- Simon Bolivar. The outstanding leader in the struggle for Venezuela's
independence from Spanish colonial rule in the early 19th century,
Bolivar went on to liberate four other South American countries -
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia ( his namesake).
Inspired by the republican ideal of a sovereign people shaping its
own political future, Bolivar also cherished a vision of a united
and independent Latin American continent to rival the US to the north.
However, after his series of remarkable military victories Bolivar
was sidelined by the local elites who took over the running of the
newly independent countries, and this vision was never realized. Bolivar
died in 1830.
For the next 120 years Venezuela was ruled - with a few short-lived
exceptions - by a series of despots and dictators until 1958. In January
of that year a civilian-military alliance overthrew the then dictator
Perez Jimenez and for the first time the promise of real democracy
and an open society was in the offing for Venezuela. This hope was
soon crushed, however, when the two mainstream political parties Accion
Democratica and COPEI decided to share power exclusively between themselves
under an agreement known as the Pact of Punto Fijo.
Spurred on by the US government, the aim of Punto Fijo, was to exclude
the Left from political life, and this imbalance in the political
system was to characterize Venezuela for the next 40 years. While
the oil boom of the 1970's lasted, this political set-up could be
held together by massive corruption and graft, but with the fall in
oil prices in the 1980's the cracks began to show.
Although hundreds of billions of dollars had come into the country
there had been an abject failure to re-distribute the wealth, so that
by the 1990's 80% of Venezuela's 23 million people were living in
poverty. During this period the figure of Bolivar appears in popular
culture as a symbol of an alternative society based on real democracy,
civil rights and patriotism ( cf the songs of Ali Primera).
It was against this background that Hugo Chavez launched his failed
coup attempt in February 1992. For several years Chavez and a group
of officers within the army, inspired by their studies of Bolivar,
had begun to refine a political philosophy they termed Bolivarianism.
They aimed to resurrect some of the central values of Bolivar, that
in their view had been lost in modern Venezuela: national independence,
economic self-sufficiency, and an ethic of service to the people.
In the aftermath of the failed coup of '92, Chavez became a popular
symbol of resistance to the old political system, particularly among
the country's poor. After his release from prison in 1994 he set about
building a broad political movement, bringing together other parties
of the left such as MAS, Patria Para Todos, and the Communist Party,
as well as his own party the Movement of the Fifth Republic. This
movement set out an agenda broadly defined as Bolivarian - inspired
by Bolivar's vision of a democratic society with real rights for all
its citizens.
In the presidential elections of 1998 Chavez won 56% of the vote.
Once in power Chavez set in motion a process of redrafting the country's
constitution. National elections were held to a Constituent Assembly
where representatives of political parties and civil society drew
up a new "Magna Carta", as Chavez termed it at the time.
This new Constitution was passed by popular referendum in 1999. Under
its terms the country became officially known as the Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela.
One of the central tenets of this Bolivarian Constitution is its focus
on participative democracy, the idea that citizens should be involved
as much as possible in the process of political decision making. To
this end, the Constitution allows, among other things, for any elected
official - including the President - to be removed from office by
popular referendum half way through their term. The Chavez government
has also encouraged the creation of what are known as Bolivarian Circles,
neighborhood and community organizations which focus on popular education
and activism. The aim is to provide an arena for people to become
aware of their rights under the new Constitution - such as free healthcare
and education - and to lobby their public representatives or local
government wherever there is a failure to implement them.
Much of the private media campaign in Venezuela has sought to demonise
the Bolivarian Circles, claiming they are a front for armed militias.
The evidence on the ground seems to suggest, however, that the Circles
are a progressive phenomenon, providing a much-needed sense of empowerment
and "ownership" over the political process amongst those
previously marginalized.
In addition, Chavez has attempted to resurrect Bolivar's ideas of
a unified Latin America. While the elites of these countries have
been wary of supporting his position, the realities on the ground,
with millions from Chile to Chiapas feeling the negative effects of
Washington's neo-liberal economic policies, point to a fertile ground
for such a vision. Two hundred years on The Liberaor still casts a
long shadow.