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Not long after the devastation of World War II,Americans found themselves embroiled in the Korean War (1950–53) and the Vietnam War(1964–75. Both of these conflicts proved to be more ethically complicated than World War II, and in Vietnam guerilla warfare made the actual fighting more confusing as well. As a result, the U.S. government promoted traditional values, namely domesticity and political and cultural conservatism, to fight for stability on the domestic front in what seemed like an increasingly turbulent and threatening world. The new media, especially television, helped to enforce this domestic ideology in which family and home remained a central priority for women; indeed, the enormous subdivisions of suburban ranch houses became important symbols of American safety, pastoral happiness, and prosperity during this period. The 1950s, in many ways, marked the beginning of modern American popular culture as we now know it. By the mid-1960s, the political, social, and cultural climate had changed dramatically. With the rising popularity of rock and roll and the beginning of the sexual revolution, American youth culture seemed to diverge as never before from middle-aged, middle-class American life. Adolescence became a demographic, a separate cultural audience, a different state of mind. At the same time, undercurrents of discontent with racist, sexist, and economically inequitable American social and political practices grew into full-fledged movements, many of which skillfully exploited the media. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, James Farmer, Shirley Chisholm, and many others, the civil rights movement became a center of national attention. Sit-ins, Freedom Rides, and other nonviolent demonstrations shared the spotlight with important court cases and national legislation to change the legal, economic, and social status of American minorities. The Vietnam-era draft took a heavy toll on black neighborhoods in major cities,and many downtown areas were devastated by riots in the years from 1965 through 1970. As anxiety and moral concern about the war spread to college campuses, thousands of schools became centers of political ferment and many forms of experimentation. A sexual revolution spread from these schools to mainstream American life, and at the same time the rights and power of women underwent a transformation unprecedented in U.S. history. By 1972, with the end of the draft and a scaling-down of the American involvement in Southeast Asia, antiwar fervor slackened and many writers and artists drifted from a common cause into a kind of discontent that seemed fragmented and desultory by comparison. Nonetheless, in art, music, student culture, and “alternative” communities, a style took hold that remains strong and recognizable to this day.
POETRY OF LIBERATION
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