http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18565What Happened to Welfare?
By Christopher Jencks
American Dream: Three Women, Ten Kids, and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare
by Jason DeParle
Viking/Penguin, 422 pp., $25.95; $16.00 (paper)
A few weeks after announcing his bid for the presidency in 1991, Bill Clinton promised that if he were elected he would "put an end to welfare as we know it." Although many Americans refer to any program for the poor as "welfare," most voters who cared about the issue knew that Clinton was talking about only one of these programs, Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This was the program that had been providing cash assistance to single mothers since the 1930s. Clinton's promise became his principal campaign issue, defining him as a Democrat who was ready to abolish "the dole."
After Clinton was elected, he kept this promise. In 1993 he began approving waivers that allowed states to impose stiffer work requirements on AFDC recipients. In 1996 he ignored his cabinet and over their objections signed a Republican bill that replaced AFDC with a new program known as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). TANF included federal work requirements for welfare recipients and time limits on recipients' benefits, but the fine print gave states almost complete control over these mat- ters. Most governors and state legislatures concentrated on cutting the welfare rolls, which was popular with voters. They did this mainly by insisting that those receiving welfare also work, which forced many to leave the rolls immediately, and by making it much harder for new recipients to qualify for benefits.
1.
When Clinton promised to end welfare, most Americans, according to many polls and surveys, saw AFDC as a Democratic program that had contributed to the spread of unwed motherhood and economic dependency. Clinton's long-term goal was to remove welfare from national political attention so that it would no longer cost the Democrats votes. His effort succeeded. By 2000, when George W. Bush was running against Al Gore, the welfare rolls had fallen from 4.8 to 2.2 million families, and welfare was no longer an issue in electoral politics. That remains true today.
Clinton also expected that it would be much easier to win political support for helping poor single mothers if they were working, and the abolition of AFDC was, in fact, accompanied by a big increase in assistance to the working poor. In 1993 Clinton persuaded Congress to expand the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which can now raise the annual income of a low-wage worker with children by as much as 40 percent. TANF also gave states money that they could use to support child care for low-wage workers, and many states did so. A few days after passing welfare reform in 1996, the Republican Congress also approved an increase in the minimum wage.