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In his introduction to the book Sumerhill, Erich Fromm voices his concerns about the use of force in education. Though the essay was authored 45 years ago, it is of value today.
Fromm was not speaking of spanking, paddling, or handcuffing children. He was talking about the type of social authority used to compel children to learn.
As most DUers are hopefully aware, during the 18th and 19th century, the progressive thinkers in Europe and America examined the concepts of freedom, democracy, and self-determination .... including in education. Fromm was concerned that competition from the Soviet Union, which did not promote self-determination in education in any sense of the word, was forcing the European and American schools towards a more authoritarian methodology.
DUers can debate in all sincerity if having police officers handcuff a 5-year old girl at least hints of an authoritarian mentality in the school system. Part of that discussion might include considering what Fromm called anonymous authority and overt authority. In anonymous authority, people (including children in school) are given the "I think you'll like this, because everyone does" approach, which promotes conformity. The overt authority says, "Do it or else!" As a parent and an American, I am concerned that the Cheney administration has moved us into the worst of both camps.
I will now quote four paragraphs from Fromm:
"And in the sphere of consumption (in which the individual allegedly expresses his free choice) he is likewise managed and manipulated. Whether it be consumption of food, clothing, liquor, cigarettes, movies or television programs, a powerful suggestion apparatus is at work with two purposes: first, to constantly increase the individual's appetite for new commodities; and secondly, to direct these appetites into the channels most profitable for industry. Man is transformed into the consumer, the eternal suckling, whose one wish is to consume more and more 'better' things.
"Our economic system must create men who fit its needs; men who coperate smoothly; men who want to consume more and more. Our system must create men whose tastes are standardized, men who can be easily influenced, men whose needs can be anticipated. Our system needs men who feelfree and independent but who are nevertheless willing to do what is expected of them, men who will fit into the social machine without friction, who can be guided without force, who can be lead without leaders, and who can be directed without any aim except the one to 'make good,' It is not that authority has disappeared, nor even that it has lost in strength, but that it ha been transformed from the overt authority of force to the anonymous authority of persuasion and suggestion. In other words, in order to be adeptable, modern man is obligated to nourish the illusion that everything is done with his consent, even though such consent be extracted from him by subtle manipulation. His consent isobtained, as it were, behind his back, or behind hid consciousness. ....
"Neill maintains a firm faith 'in the goodness of the child.' He believes the average child is not born a cripple, a coward, or a soulless automaton, but has full potentialities to love life and to be interested in life. ....
"Guilt feelings primarily have the function of binding the child to authority. Guilt feelings are an impediment to independence; they start a cycle which oscillates constantly between rebellion, repentance, submission, and new rebellion. Guilt, as it is felt by most people in our society, is not primarly a reaction to the voice of conscience, but essentially an awareness of disobedience against authority and fear of reprisal. It does not matte whether such punishment is physical or a withdrawal of love, or whether one is simply made to feel an outsider. All such guilt feelings create fear; and fear breeds hostility and hypocrisy."
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